Centre says the very object of demonetisation and elimination of black money will be defeated if a fresh window is given.
Non-Resident Indians and Indian nationals abroad can deposit up to Rs 25,000 of the demonetised currency during the 3-6 month grace period, but only if they show the junked notes to Customs officials at the airport and get a declaration form stamped.
The 50-day window for depositing the old notes in bank accounts and post offices expires on Friday.
The cabinet also approved ordinance to amend the RBI Act to extinguish the liability on the old notes.
Once passed by Parliament, the bill will replace an ordinance promulgated on December 30 last which provides for a fine of 10,000 or five times the cash held, whichever is higher, on holding of more than 10 banned 1,000 and 500 rupee notes.
The apex court said that the government should file an affidavit by April 11 explaining the reason why the window was not created for the people having difficulty and the chance was only given to NRIs and the citizens who travelled abroad.
"There can be a situation where a person has lost his/her money for no fault," SC said.
While the central bank had publicly cited only Rs 15.55 trillion of high value notes were cancelled, in an RTI reply to PTI, it had said the actual quantum of bills cancelled was much higher at Rs 20.51 trillion.
Piloting the Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Bill, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said it will extinguish the government's liability towards scrapped notes and also eliminate the possibility of their bring used as parallel currency.